Advances in Biomarkers for Early Detection and Prognosis of Ovarian Cancer

Abstract

Ovarian cancer (OC) remains the leading cause of gynecological cancer-related deaths worldwide due to its asymptomatic nature in the early stages and lack of effective early detection methods. Despite advances in diagnostic techniques, the high mortality rate associated with OC is largely attributed to late-stage diagnoses. Current diagnostic biomarkers, such as CA-125 and transvaginal ultrasonography, have limitations in early detection, especially in premenopausal women. This review explores the latest advancements in ovarian cancer biomarkers, focusing on cancer antigens, kallikrein enzymes, osteopontin (OPN), HE4, genetic mutations, epigenetic changes, and newer candidates such as exosomes and circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA). The review highlights how combinations of existing biomarkers, alongside emerging technologies like gene expression profiling and liquid biopsy, can improve early detection sensitivity. miRNAs, such as let-7e, miR-30c, and miR-200a, are identified as key players in ovarian cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment response. Furthermore, ctDNA and exosomes show promise as non-invasive tools for monitoring disease progression and therapeutic response. Ultimately, this review emphasizes the potential of combining novel biomarkers with traditional methods to enhance early diagnosis, improve patient outcomes, and facilitate personalized treatment strategies for ovarian cancer.