Excessive Gingival Display, Prevalence, and Its Impact on Patient's Psychological Status and Quality of Life: A Questionnaire-Based Survey

Abstract

Background and objectives: Excessive gingival display, or "gummy smile," is a dental concern that affects psychological well-being and quality of life. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of Excessive gingival display and its impact on the psychological status and quality of life among adults in Sulaymaniyah, Kurdistan Region of Iraq.

Methods: ­ A cross-sectional survey was conducted at the Shorsh Teaching Dental Center, from January to June 2023, using a convenience sample of 48 adults aged 18-45 from an initial 1000 patients. Excessive gingival display diagnosis was made via the lipstat technique, and the psychological impact was assessed with structured questionnaires on smile aesthetics and another adapted from Hills and Argyle.

Results: ­ The prevalence of a gummy smile was 4.80%, with higher rates in women (6.43%) than men (2.29%), with a significant sex-based difference (P≤0.001). The total psychological score also showed a significant variation across age groups (P≤0.03), with a mean psychological score of 12 for the age group 22-28 years and 11 for the age group 29-34 years. This lower score in the older age group indicates a negative impact of Excessive gingival display and gummy smile on patients' psychological conditions. The self-perceived satisfaction score for the impact of Excessive gingival display and gummy smile on smile aesthetics and quality of life was not significant.

Conclusion: ­ This study indicates excessive gingival display prevalence in females and younger individuals. Although QOL and smile aesthetics weren’t greatly affected, early intervention may help reduce related psychological impacts in some patients.