The Diagnostic Biomarkers for Early Detection the Prevalence of Diabetic Nephropathy in Type 2 Diabetic Mellitus Patients: Systematic Review

Abstract

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is one of the most prevalent diabetic microvascular complications, and it is the prime cause of renal failure with its consequences of hemodialysis, renal transplantation, and finally death. Microalbuminuria diagnostic usefulness in early-stage diabetic nephropathy is limited, because renal damage frequently comes before proteinuria. As a result, there is need for more sensitive and specific biomarkers for the early detection and prevent development of DN. This systematic review aims to evaluate the diagnostic value of various biomarkers in the early prediction of DN in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). A comprehensive literature search was conducted using databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. We only considered studies involving human populations for inclusion in our analysis. Animal and in vitro studies were excluded from this review. Our analysis of 14 observational studies identified several biomarkers, like  Nephrin, Wnt/beta-catenin proteins, Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1(MCP-1), and Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), which show significant promise for early detection of DN. Implementing these biomarkers in clinical practice could significantly improve outcomes for patients with DN by facilitating early diagnosis and timely management.