Biomarkers in Peri-Implant Crevicular Fluid: Insights into Diagnosis and Prognosis of Peri-Implant Diseases.

Abstract

Background:
Peri-implant diseases, including peri-implant mucositis and peri-implantitis, present substantial challenges in the field of dental implantology. Biomarkers found in peri-implant crevicular fluid (PICF) have shown promise as tools for early detection, prognosis, and monitoring of these conditions.

Objective:
This review seeks to assess the existing evidence on PICF biomarkers and their potential role in diagnosing and managing peri-implant diseases.

Methods:
A detailed search of PubMed was conducted to identify articles published between 2010 and 2024. From an initial pool of 134 studies, 50 were reviewed for relevance, and 14 met the inclusion criteria, focusing on PICF biomarkers for detecting and predicting peri-implant disease progression.

Results:
The studies reviewed identified various PICF biomarker categories, such as inflammatory markers (e.g., IL-1β, TNF-α), markers of bone remodeling (e.g., RANKL, OPG), oxidative stress markers (e.g., malondialdehyde), and emerging biomarkers (e.g., SIRT1). These biomarkers demonstrated varying degrees of sensitivity and specificity, with fluctuations in their levels reflecting disease activity and treatment response. Such findings highlight their potential in tailoring patient care.

Conclusion:
PICF biomarkers offer valuable insights into the underlying mechanisms, diagnosis, and prognosis of peri-implant diseases. While advancements have been made, further large-scale, longitudinal research is needed to validate these biomarkers and enable their routine application in clinical practice.