Development, And Characterization Of Ligand-Conjugated Gemcitabine Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes For The Treatment Of Lung Cancer

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Pushpendra Kumar Khangar, Vivek Daniel

Abstract

Lung cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer globally, with an estimated 2.2 million new cases in 2020. It is a major cause of cancer-related mortality, accounting for roughly 1.8 million deaths each year. The disease is categorized into two main types: non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), which is more common and typically develops at a slower rate, and small cell lung cancer (SCLC), which is less common but grows and spreads more quickly.


The leading risk factor for lung cancer is smoking, which is responsible for approximately 85% of all cases. Passive smoking, or exposure to second-hand smoke, is also a well-established risk factor. Additionally, air pollution, particularly fine particulate matter (PM2.5), significantly increases lung cancer risk. Exposure to hazardous substances, such as asbestos and radon, further increases the likelihood of developing the disease. Occupational exposure to carcinogens contributes to an estimated 9–15% of lung cancer cases. Research also highlights a potential link between lung cancer and viruses, such as human papillomaviruses (HPV).


The primary prevention strategy for lung cancer is tobacco control and smoking prevention. Lung cancer screening with low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) can reduce mortality by detecting cancer early. Approximately 90% of lung cancer patients initially present with non-specific symptoms, such as cough, weight loss, chest pain, and dyspnea, often causing diagnostic delays.


 


Basic diagnostic procedures include medical history and clinical examination, Laboratory tests (blood count, liver and kidney function, coagulation, electrolytes), Chest X-ray (initial imaging), Spiral CT of the thorax (contrast-enhanced), Bronchoscopy, Abdominal ultrasound


 


Treatment depends on the cancer type and stage, involving surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy. Early-stage NSCLC with complete tumor resection has improved 5-year survival rates, with up to 72% survival in stage IA. However, 60–70% of SCLC cases are diagnosed at advanced stage IV, with a 5% two-year survival rate.


Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) offer a cutting-edge approach to lung cancer treatment by enabling precise drug delivery, reducing side effects, and targeting cancer cells while sparing healthy tissue. Their nanoscale size ensures deep tumor penetration, while their multifunctional capabilities support combination therapies and photothermal treatments. CNTs also overcome drug resistance, facilitate real-time monitoring, and enable early intervention, making them a promising tool for improving outcomes and quality of life in lung cancer patients.


 


This study aimed to target lung cancer cells, to reduce the overall toxicity of the cytotoxic drugs.

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