Oral Premalignant Conditions And Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Review Of Salivary Biomarkers As A Diagnosis Tool

Abstract

The term "biomarker" refers to measurable and quantifiable biological parameters that can be used as indicators for assessments of health and physiology, such as pathogenic processes, environmental exposure, disease diagnosis and prognosis, or pharmacologic reactions to a therapeutic intervention. Saliva is a complex bodily fluid that, like blood, is known to contain a number of cellular and molecular components. Saliva collection is easy, safe, non-invasive, and economical, which are all benefits of using saliva as a diagnostic tool. It also has the advantages of being simple to sample, handle, and process. Due to these factors, saliva evaluation could be thought of as a potential replacement for blood and/or tissue analyses to investigate certain molecules (DNA, RNA, proteins, and metabolites) connected to the occurrence of systemic illnesses and malignancies. Changes in the expression of proteins and mRNA markers in saliva can result from mutational activities that turn healthy cells malignant. Researchers have looked into the clinical importance of salivary biomarkers in breast cancer, ovarian cancer, salivary gland cancers, gastric cancer, and pancreatic cancer. The significance of salivary biomarkers, even for the detection of OSCC, has grown as a result of further studies. In recent years, there has been a substantial increase in the use of saliva as a diagnostic tool for the early detection of oral cancers including oral squamous cell carcinoma. MMP-9 (specificity 100%) and Chemerin (specificity 100%) were highly specific indicators for oral squamous cell carcinoma. PUBMED, Google, manual searches, and 20 publications back references from the previous five years were included in the search approach