Role of Preimplantation Genetic Testing in In-Vitro Fertilization

Abstract

Preimplantation genetic testing (PGT), a major component of assisted reproductive technology (ART), allows embryo screening prior to implantation of in vitro fertilization (IVF) cycles. In the last 30 years, it has progressed to less restrictive chromosome assessment through fluorescent in situ hybridization to an in-depth genome assessment by next-generation sequencing. There are three broad categories of PGT - PGT-A, PGT-M, PGT-SR - each has specific objectives, e.g. to reduce the potential risk of miscarriage or the inheritance of hereditary diseases. Some indications consist of the presence of advanced maternal cloister, frequent implantation pierce or fetal dissolution, serious male factor sterility, and established abnormalities in the sovereign parents. Addition of laboratory manipulations such as trophectoderm biopsy, vitrification and optimal culture conditions has led to enhancement of accurateness and safety. There is positive evidence of benefits in specific groups, such as implantation in selected groups, fewer spontaneous pregnancies, and shorter time to pregnancy but its role in the low-risk population is controversial. Ethics and legal solutions vary depending on the country, and there is much debate over the limitation of embryo selection, fair accessibility, and justice. The existing issues deal with the mosaicism interpretation, cost management, and settling technical limitations. Non-invasive testing, embryo selection by artificial intelligence, and more accurately pinpointed genomic tools are all potential avenues of development, and there is a need to feed the introduction of these technologies into personalized reproductive care into an ethical framework.