Integrative Approaches in Cardiovascular Disease Management: A Systematic Review of Siddha Medicine, Herbal Interventions, and Lifestyle Modifications

Abstract

This review seeks to critically assess Siddha and herbal products, Siddha-based lifestyle interventions, and cardiovascular disease (CVD) phytochemicals derived from traditional therapeutic systems. Additionally, the review contrasts traditional dietary recommendations with contemporary dietary concepts and practices, examining their respective therapeutic mechanisms. To evaluate therapeutic efficacy and adherence to lifestyle modifications, we systematically reviewed experimental, clinical, integrated, and computational studies from both Indian and global literature, with a focus on their combined mechanistic actions. Results indicate that, despite methodological limitations in the included studies, certain compounds within classical polyherbal and herbo-mineral formulations, identified as antihypertensive agents, demonstrate efficacy in managing hypertension and dyslipidemia, comparable to modern pharmaceuticals. Phytochemical profiling has revealed biologically active compounds with antioxidants, anti-inflammatory, vasodilatory, and lipid-lowering properties, supported by molecular docking studies and in vitro assays. The study also highlights similarities between the calendar-based fasting rules, diet, and dietary practices of the Siddha system and those in modern cardiology, although further experimental, evidence-based scientific validation is required. The integration of Siddha therapeutics with lifestyle modifications appears promising in clinical practice, although current evidence is limited by methodological constraints and a lack of extensive trials. These findings underscore the need for scientific integrative strategies for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular diseases, thereby reinforcing traditional knowledge within the Siddha system in comparison to modern cardiology.