Type 2 Diabetes and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Cross-Sectional Study of Clinical, Comorbid, and Socioeconomic Factors from East Godavari, in Andhra Pradesh, India

Abstract

Introduction: Diabetes Mellitus (DM) and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) are frequent chronic conditions that exhibit distinct clinical characteristics throughout their developmental course. The metabolic disorder Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) causes major problems and frequently occurs in association with obesity and multiple severe complications. GDM poses unique risks to both mothers and infants. This study compares the clinical and demographic characteristics of patients with T2D and GDM.

Objectives: This research examined differences in the features, along with medical results and socioeconomic positions, between Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) patients and patients diagnosed with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM). This research evaluated age, weight, obesity, comorbidities, and pregnancy background together with socio-demographic variables such as education level, occupational status, and economic variables.

Materials and Methods: The study used a cross-sectional design that involved 300 female subjects, where 150 subjects had Type 2 Diabetes, while 150 had GDM from East Godavari, Andhra Pradesh. The research gathered information from patient medical documents alongside organized questionnaires, which contained sections for demographics and medical histories in addition to comorbidity records and socioeconomic characteristics. The researchers conducted statistical tests based on t-tests, establishing p<0.05 as the significance threshold.

Results: The investigation demonstrated noticeable contrasts that existed between the two groups. People with T2D showed advanced age (p=0.00001) and displayed elevated obesity prevalence (p<0.05). The research revealed that T2D patients presented greater comorbidity levels than healthy individuals (p=0.00001). People with T2D exhibited elevated smoking frequencies (p=0.0488) along with greater alcohol consumption (p=0.0277) as well as diabetes family history assumptions (78.66% vs. 33.33%, p=0.00001). Women with GDM experienced their first menstrual cycle at an earlier age and had multiple childbirths (p=0.0005 and p=0.0064) along with a higher rate of hysterectomy (55.3% vs. 30.6%).

Conclusion: Crucial clinical characteristics and socioeconomic differences exist when comparing T2D to GDM patients. The management of diabetes requires immediate diagnosis followed by specific treatment protocols. Additional research must investigate the extended health consequences to both mothers and newborns.