Biological applications of Mixed ligand Complexes: A Review

Abstract

A heteroleptic or mixed ligand complex refers to a coordination compound where two or more distinct types of ligands are bound to a central metal atom or ion, creating a structure composed of diverse ligands with varying chemical compositions attached to the metal center. These complexes offer an extensive range of properties due to the synergistic combination of complementary ligands, resulting in superior electronic characteristics, improved catalytic efficiency, and enhanced bioactivity relative to simpler analogs. Representing a key subset of coordination compounds, they play vital roles across multiple disciplines, particularly in biological contexts, where the chelate effect—promoting exceptional stability via multidentate ring formation—the unique chemistry of individual ligands, and their lipophilicity enable strong interactions with physiological systems. Consequently, these complexes exhibit a broad spectrum of bioactivities, encompassing anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects, antioxidant capabilities, anticancer properties, and antidiabetic potential.