Physico-chemical Characterization of Electronic Waste Leachate and its Impacts on Human Health and the Environment

Abstract

The rapid growth of electronic waste (e-waste) has now emerged as a major environmental and public health concern due to the presence of toxic heavy metals. This research paper examines the composition of various toxic heavy metals present in e-waste, their release pathways, and associated human health and environmental impacts. Results indicate that metals such as cadmium, lead, mercury, chromium, nickel, copper, arsenic, and antimony are prevalent in electronic components and are readily mobilized through informal recycling practices. Occupational exposure among informal recyclers and indirect exposure of surrounding communities through contaminated food and water are identified as major risk pathways. Exposure to these metals is linked to neurological, renal, respiratory, and carcinogenic effects, while environmental contamination leads to bioaccumulation and ecosystem degradation. The review highlights regulatory gaps in enforcement and implementation, particularly in developing countries and emphasizes the need for standardized assessment methods, sustainable recycling technologies, stronger regulatory enforcement, and integration of informal recycling sectors into formal systems.