Morphometric Analysis of Occipital Condyles: Gender Differences, Asymmetry, and Surgical Implications at the Craniovertebral Junction.

Abstract

Aim: The occipital condyles (OC) are key structures at the craniovertebral junction (CVJ) that form the atlanto-occipital joint, enabling head movement anin OC shape, size, and orientation can impact surgical outcomes, especially in partial occipital condylectomies. This study aims to analyze OC morphometry, explore gender differences, assess asymmetry, and examine clinical implications, particularly for craniovertebral surgeries.

Methodology: A cross-sectional morphometric analysis was conducted on 80 OCs from forty adult skulls, equally divided between male and female specimens. Measurements, including length, breadth, and inter-condylar distances (AICD, PICD), were taken using Vernier calipers. OCs were categorized into shapes (e.g., oval, circular, kidney-shaped), and asymmetry was assessed by comparing right and left condyle dimensions. Statistical analyses, including t-tests, ANOVA, and correlation, were used to identify significant variations.

Results: The average right OC length was 22.80 mm, and the left was 22.36 mm, with no significant side-to-side differences. Male OCs were significantly longer and broader than females (p < 0.05). Asymmetry was prevalent in 80% of samples, especially in non-oval shapes. Significant correlations were found between OC measurements, aiding surgical planning.

Conclusion: Gender-specific anatomical models and customized surgical approaches are essential due to variations in OC dimensions and high asymmetry rates. Detailed morphometry can guide surgeons, improving safety and outcomes in craniovertebral surgeries. Future research should develop predictive models using advanced imaging and AI.