Design, Synthesis, Docking, And Anthelmintic Evaluation Of Novel Benzothiazole-Pyrazole Hybrids Derivatives

Abstract

A novel series of benzothiazole-pyrazole derivatives (S1–S8) were designed and synthesized to explore their potential as anthelmintic agents. The synthetic route involved the formation of phenylhydrazone intermediates, followed by Vilsmeier–Haack cyclization to afford pyrazole-based aldehydes, and subsequent condensation with 1,3-benzothiazole-2-carbohydrazide. The structures of the synthesized compounds were confirmed using IR, ¹H NMR, and elemental analysis. Molecular docking studies were conducted against β-tubulin (PDB ID: 1OJ0), revealing that all derivatives exhibited favorable binding energies compared to the standard drug albendazole. In vitro evaluation using Pheretima posthuma demonstrated significant anthelmintic activity, with compound S2 emerging as the most potent among the series. The observed biological activity correlated well with the docking results, highlighting the significance of substitution patterns on the pyrazole ring in modulating activity. These findings support further exploration of benzothiazole-pyrazole hybrids as promising candidates for anthelmintic drug development.