Mechanistic insight unrevealing the potential of Diadzein in ameliorating the Alzheimer’s disease

Abstract

Alzheimer’s disease (AD), a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, is characterized by the accumulation of Aβ plaques, tau protein tangles, oxidative stress, and chronic neuroinflammation. Natural compounds, such as daidzein, a phytoestrogen found predominantly in soy products, may have therapeutic potential in mitigating the symptoms and progression of AD. Emerging research has suggested that daidzein exhibits a range of neuroprotective properties, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and estrogenic effects, which are believed to be beneficial in Alzheimer’s pathology. The phytoestrogen exhibits estrogenic activity, as declining estrogen levels have been linked to the increased risk of developing AD, especially in postmenopausal women. By binding to estrogen receptors, daidzein can modulate neuroinflammation and promote synaptic plasticity, which may protect against cognitive decline. Additionally, daidzein has been shown to inhibit Aβ aggregation, reduce oxidative damage to neurons, and improve mitochondrial function, all contributing to the neuroprotection observed in experimental models. According to study findings, daidzein provides neuroprotection by preventing oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis, which are major causes of neuronal damage and degeneration. Moreover, studies revealed that daidzein inhibited oxidative stress by increasing SOD, CAT, and GSH levels and also it significantly decreased the p-eIF-2α levels and general protein synthesis. Additionally, it also ameliorated the increased AChE and MDA levels. In addition to this, it also reduced the ERK, JNK, Akt, NF-κB and GSK-3β levels. The abstract reviews the multifaceted role of daidzein in AD, highlighting its potential as a neuroprotective agent. Further clinical investigations are needed to fully elucidate its efficacy and potential as a complementary treatment in AD therapy.