Incidence of Gestational Diabetes Determined by 75g Oral Glucose Tolerance Test and Its Impact on Maternal and Fetal Outcomes at a Tertiary Care Center in Jharkhand

Abstract

Objectives: This study aimed to determine the incidence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) using the 75g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and to assess its impact on fetomaternal outcomes at a tertiary care center in Jharkhand.

Methods: This prospective observational study enrolled 100 pregnant women presenting for antenatal check-ups between May 31, 2020, and September 31, 2021. Participants underwent 75g OGTT and fetomaternal outcomes were recorded and analyzed.

Results: GDM prevalence was identified in 11% of participants. Compared to women without GDM, those diagnosed with GDM were older (29.5±3.9 years vs 25.3±4.2 years, P=0.002), had a higher body mass index (BMI: 28±5.14 kg/m² vs 22.81±2.97 kg/m², P=0.007), and were more likely to belong to the lower middle socioeconomic class (27.27% vs. 72.73%, P=0.0009). Additionally, a family history of diabetes (45.45% vs. 6.74%, P=0.0001) and a previous history of macrosomia (2 cases vs. 1 case, P=0.031) were more common among women with GDM. Multivariate regression analysis did not reveal any independent significant risk factor of GDM (P >.05). Women with GDM experienced higher rates of infection (27.27% vs. 5.62%, P=0.041), polyhydramnios (36.36% vs. 4.49%, P=0.005), and neonatal hypoglycemia (30% vs. 0%, P=0.0008).

Conclusions: The 75g OGTT is a suitable screening test for GDM in low-income regions such as India. Factors associated with GDM include advanced maternal age, higher BMI, lower socioeconomic status, a family history of diabetes and history of macrosomia. Timely screening, diagnosis and treatment are imperative to mitigate associated fetomaternal complications related to GDM.