A Systematic Review of Health Informatics and Chemical Methods in Manufacturing Orthopaedic Titanium Plates

Abstract

ones, undergo intensive chemical and thermo-chemical treatments to produce products that can tolerate high levels of strength, biocompatibility, wear and corrosion resistance. From all the titanium and its alloys used in medical applications the most widely used material is Ti-6Al-4V since it has excellent mechanical properties and is bio compatible. Comprehensive analysis of the chemical methodologies for orthopedic titanium plate production is presented in this systematic review which is done according to PRISMA guidelines.  An extensive search of literature was done electronically from the PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases with options on subject terms such as titanium and orthopaedic implant. This analysis involved papers authored by scholars and scientific research articles available from 2000 to 2023, focusing on chemical purification techniques Alloying, Surface treatment, and Additive manufacturing. After that, two authors separately extracted data and finally compared them to minimize the risk of bias; the quality of the selected studies was assessed using CASP-checklist. Some of the chemical processes for the production of titanium are briefly reviewed based on category of material processing and purification that involves the Kroll process as well as other methods like the FFC Cambridge process which has better efficacy and effects on the environment. It extends to areas of alloying and melting method as the vacuum arc remelting (VAR), electron beam melting (EBM) methods which are crucial when making homogenous Titanium alloy. The hot working processes such as rolling and forging to analyse their impact on mechanical characteristics of the material. Are reviewed. The various heat treatments such as solution treatment and aging are discussed for the development of the required properties of strength and hardness.

Surface treatments, including anodizing, acid etching and chemical polishing as well as hydroxyapatite coatings are important with regards to biocompatibility as well as wear resistance. Advancements in AM such as SLM and EBM are showcased to synthesise intricate fully densified biomedical titanium implants. Also, a strict chemical characterization process guarantees quality labour, with higher regulatory compliance. The final points of the review are environmental and economic impacts and it is stressed that green chemistry should be adopted to eliminate the adverse effect on the environment. Possible future research areas are associated with fine-tuning of chemical methods and procedures, optimization of the titanium orthopaedic plates use, and widening of application in the medical field.