Advancements in the Controlled Delivery of Nanodrugs to the Central Nervous System: Challenges and Innovations

Abstract

About 1 million of the 6.8 million deaths attributed to disorders of the central nervous system (CNS) each year are caused by neurodegenerative diseases, which include Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, tumours, and ischaemic stroke. Because of the intricacy of the brain, CNS issues are a major concern. To address issues with toxicity, specificity, and delivery, several drugs are available to treat illnesses of the central nervous system (CNS). Therapeutic drugs are challenged by barriers such as the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which prevents them from reaching their intended target. Scholars have been investigating pathways for pharmaceuticals to cross the blood-brain barrier and get to their intended targets. These issues show how different cellular processes must be changed or manipulated by nanotechnology to obtain the required properties. Nanoparticles are an efficient replacement for drug delivery and other methods because of their nano size, which allows them to cross the blood-brain barrier. Effective drug transfer and enhanced CNS disease treatment and diagnosis are possible using nanotechnology. Drugs could be altered via nanoengineering to carry out tasks like transferring across the blood-brain barrier, modifying signaling pathways, focussing on certain cells, facilitating efficient gene transfer, and encouraging nerve cell regeneration and preservation.