Serotonin and Antioxidant Levels as Biomarkers for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Alzheimer's Disease: A Comparative Analysis

Abstract

This study investigated the relationship between Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) or (T2DM)and Alzheimer's disease (AD) by examining specific biological markers. Participants weredivided into three groups: a group with DM, a group with AD, and a healthy control group.All participants received treatment at designated healthcare facilities between July 2023 andFebruary 2024. Both patient groups (DM and AD) and the control group were age-matchedand balanced for gender. Within the T2DM and AD patient groups, further classification wasdone based on age: Patients younger than 60 years old (n=40) Patients 60 years old or older(n=40). Established laboratory techniques (ELISA and spectrophotometry) were used tomeasure the concentrations of relevant biomarkers, including serotonin, glutathione (GSH),superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), malondialdehyde (MDA), vitamin C, vitaminE, and vitamin D. Serotonin levels were greater in DM patients (451.1 ± 30.7 ng/ml)compared to the control group (311.6 ± 53.8 ng/ml), and lower in AD (161.1 ± 32.7 ng/ml).GSH levels in AD and DM patients were 1.523±0.017 μmol/l and 1.923±0.019 μmol/l,respectively, lower than in the control group (3.277±0.0126 μmol/l). Statistical analysisrevealed significant differences (p-value approximately 0.05) in the average biomarker levelsbetween the AD, DM, and control groups. Furthermore, comparisons within the patientgroups based on age and sex also showed significant differences (p-value less than 0.001